# NAD+ References: Cited Studies on the Coenzyme and Its Precursors

> NAD+ references: the full cited list behind this digest — human NMN and NR trials, CD38 and senescence mechanism papers, injectable PK, and 2024-2025 reviews, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every figure on this site resolves to one of the studies below. Open any of them — peer-reviewed journals, PubMed records, and DOIs.

## How to read this list

These are the NAD+ references behind the digest, numbered to match the inline markers across the site. The list spans the human precursor trials (NMN, NR), the mechanism papers on CD38 and senescence, the injectable pharmacokinetics, and the 2024-2025 reviews that frame what is and is not yet established in humans. Each entry carries its journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link so any claim can be checked at source. Where a finding is rodent-only, the digest says so; this list lets you verify that too.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(6):1047-1073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37364580/
[7] Doke T, Mukherjee S, Mukhi D, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation prevents mtRNA/RIG-I-dependent inflammation during kidney injury. Nat Metab. 2023;5(3):414-430. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36914909/
[8] Nacarelli T, Lau L, Fukumoto T, et al. NAD(+) metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21(3):397-407. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30778219/
[9] Miao Y, Cui Z, Gao Q, Rui R, Xiong B. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation Reverses the Declining Quality of Maternally Aged Oocytes. Cell Rep. 2020;32(5):107987. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32755581/
[10] Huang P, Zhou Y, Tang W, et al. Long-term treatment of Nicotinamide mononucleotide improved age-related diminished ovary reserve through enhancing the mitophagy level of granulosa cells in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2022;101:108911. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34801690/
[11] Habibalahi A, Campbell JM, Bertoldo MJ, et al. Unique Deep Radiomic Signature Shows NMN Treatment Reverses Morphology of Oocytes from Aged Mice. Biomedicines. 2022;10(7):1544. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35884850/
[12] Schaefer PM, Huang J, Butic A, et al. Nicotinamide riboside alleviates exercise intolerance in ANT1-deficient mice. Mol Metab. 2022;64:101560. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35940554/
[13] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[14] Chini CCS, Cordeiro HS, Tran NLK, Chini EN. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13920. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37424179/
[15] Wang M, Liu Z, Wang Z, et al. Research advances in the function and anti-aging effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2024;25(9):717-732. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39308064/

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One cold light on the NAD+ record — the coenzyme's age-related dimming and the NMN and NR precursor trials read scene by scene and cited to source, with no clinic behind the frame and nothing here prescribed, dispensed, or sold.